Sorokin Social And Cultural Mobility Pdf ((BETTER)) Download
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Economic capital is also the most readily available of the three types of capital. Economic capital is the resource that a person could directly possess. However, economic capital is not the only source of class distinction because the class of a person is also determined by their social capital. Theoretically, economic and social capital are held in different forms that each have a different influence on a person's class. In practice, economic capital is more likely to be used to support and improve social capital; economic capital might be more readily used to distinguish between upper class and lower class. Bourdieu found that upward mobility was more difficult in capitalist societies. The poor, without the resources to draw upon, are often not able to change their social class. However, upward mobility is likely when people have both economic and social capital. In addition, when the upper class has economic and social capital, even if they do not have cultural capital, they are still likely to maintain power and status. They can still use their economic and social capital to protect their cultural capital and preserve status. As the middle class becomes more educated, it becomes less likely to be subject to the disadvantages of the lower class. However, the upper class still relies on their economic and social capital to maintain their standing. This allows the middle class to have an equal chance at achieving upward mobility. This also makes upward mobility in a capitalist society difficult, especially in advanced societies where the upper class has developed its wealth and power, and where the lower classes are at risk of decreasing status and power. In these cases, the upper class can also defend their cultural capital by protecting and furthering their economic and social capital.[13][13]
The findings of this study suggest that in urban China the middle class is able to hold onto their economic capital, but the working class has difficulty holding onto their social capital. This presents a challenge for upward mobility. These findings align with those of other studies that have found that in China the upper classes are able to maintain their power, social status and cultural capital, while the lower classes are losing social capital to the upper classes.[13][13] This is in contrast to what is found in Japan, where the class structures are very similar to those of capitalist European countries. For example, the Japanese are organized into a pyramid of privilege with the upper classes having more resources than the lower classes, who in turn have more resources than the middle class.
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